This paper studies the educational efficiency as determined only by the variables directly controlled by the school …

We analyze differences in school quality using a comprehensive panel data set covering all upper secondary school … graduates in Finland during the years 2002-2013. School quality is defined as the effect of the school on matriculation exam … (2013) we are able to measure both cross-sectional differences in school quality and the persistence of these differences …

argue that low-achieving students may be particularly affected by the lack of educator support during school closures. We … collect detailed time-use information on students before and during the school closures in a survey of 1,099 parents in …