I use game-theoretical models to compare a sender's expected payoff under two methods of wielding influence under incomplete information: offering rewards or threatening punishments. Attempts to influence another's behaviour can have the perverse effect of actually encouraging the behaviour that...

Land and urban management techniques in geopolitical conflict zones are globally associated with significant challenges, in which the built environment and their associated lands usually suffer from lack of essential elements, including, but not limited to, ownership status, accessibilities,...