The importance of new knowledge in innovative activities of firms and the impact of these activities on economic development of regions have been acknowledged in many studies. In particular, universities and firms that are established on university knowledge, spin-off firms, function as nodes...

The present article tries to explain how firms appropriate their investments in innovation activities. Thereby, not only intellectual property rights, but also different informal appropriation mechanisms are analysed. The special attention is paid to interactions among various appropriation...

Open innovation is key for innovators responding to major problems in the world, including energy, healthcare, water and the environment, and bringing transitions in socio-technical systems near. This paper has a focus on university spin-off companies as a channel of market introduction of new...