The public economics, environmental, transportation and urban economics literature applies different labor supply approaches when studying economic or planning instruments. Some studies assume that working hours are endogenous while the number of workdays is given, whereas others model only...

Agglomeration economies reflect proximity and are an important explanation for industrial location. They feature prominently in the theories of location, including intermediate inputs and labour of the new economic geography and knowledge spillovers in the new growth theory. However, while there...

A 2008 paper investigating the Regulatory Tax (RT) on office development in Britain (Cheshire & Hilber, 2008) provided evidence of very tight restrictions on office space going back at least 50 years. It was also argued that the RT measure tended to underestimate the full costs of restrictive...

The output gap is a key variable of business cycle analysis and policy. Obtaining reliable estimates for it, is very difficult, though. Most real-time estimates are frequently revised over time. The idea of this paper is to use various indicators, for example from business surveys, that (i) were...

All the progress made by the economists who established the theory of welfare, are based on the needs for the progress in engineering that marked out the era of the industrial revolution. All the models that go along with these theories are based on the science of engineering and contributed at...

The traditional concept of a strict minimum of nontaxable income equal for all taxpayers embedded in most current income-tax systems is the result of a paradox of fiscal egalitarianism. The paper shows that substituting the traditional notion of a strict minimum of nontaxable income for a scheme...

With the continuous development and iteration of telecommunication technology, the users' requirements of the quality and service have increased dogmatically. In order to meet the diverse and personalized consumer demands, virtual network operators came into being. In 2013, China officially...