We isolate the direct bank-to-sovereign distress channel within the Eurozone’s sovereignbank-loop by exploiting the …-related variation. We find that the transmission of instrumented bank distress, while economically relevant, is significantly smaller … variables in previous studies. Furthermore, we show that the spillover of bank distress is significantly stronger for countries …

-regulated, more fragile nonbanks. The bank-to-nonbank shift largely neutralizes total credit and associated consumption effects for …