The food-population ratio has two determinants: population and agricultural production. The population is constantly growing, putting pressure on existing resources, which are becoming insufficient. Globally, agricultural production has grown at the same rate as population growth, but at...

Biodiversity is influenced by the process of economic development, between the two there is a causal relationship - when development does not respect the environment, biodiversity experiences negative transformations. The EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030, which derives from the 2030 Agenda for...

This paper claims that distance alone is a poor proxy for international transport costs in gravity equations. We develop a theoretical framework with a manufacturing and a transport sector, where the level of manufacturing exports determines the demand for transport. Above a certain threshold,...