We demonstrate that upward-looking comparisons induce "keeping up with the richer Joneses"-behavior. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimate the effect of reference consumption, defined as the consumption level of all households who are perceived to be richer, on household...

Over millennia, mankind has used hard cash in various forms ranging from shells to gold coins and paper. More recently, cash has become unpopular in political circles, as it effectively restricts states’ power to tax (explicitly or via negative interest rates) or to survey and potentially...

Statistical Analysis in surveys is often facing missing data. As case-wise deletion and single imputation prove to have undesired properties, multiple imputation remains as a measure to handle this problem. In a longitudinal study, where for some missing values past or future data points might...

Beschleunigte wirtschaftliche und technische Veränderungen, Alterung und Schrumpfung der Bevölkerung, wachsende soziale Differenzierung und Pluralisieung der Lebensstile - dies sind nur einige Faktoren, die langfristig das Spar- und Konsumverhalten der privaten Haushalte beeinflussen und damit...