), but could render the eruption of war between member and non-member countries more likely (peace diversion). This paper is …-stage game with three competing importers, where fi rst, two of the countries decide on whether to initiate war against each … other, and subsequently, all three countries select their import tariffs. We show that PTAs produce both a "peace …

have a war bias that is so strong that they prefer war occurring with high probability whereas citizens prefer peace …What can be done to reduce the likelihood of future wars? While states’ decisions that bear on war are ultimately made … future wars. This thesis can be broken down into two claims: first, there is a war bias of political leaders; second, people …

To date, there is limited understanding about the consequences of wartime dynamics for post-war state … armed groups govern territories and civilians within them-that under certain circumstances may be harnessed in the post-war … the type of statebuilding and political regime trajectories that emerge in the post-war period. …

in the shadow of arming and the threat of war. In this setting, we characterize the conditions under which peace arises … arm and then choose whether to resolve their dispute violently through war or peacefully through settlement. Both … approaches depend on the states' military capacities, but have very different outcomes. War precludes the possibility of …

exist with a positive war frequency. Third, if multiple equilibria exist, the perpetual peace equilibrium may be unstable in … international conflict. In this paper, we investigate whether this motive is sufficiently important for war to persist in … equilibrium if all countries are democracies. Three key findings emerge. First, the perpetual peace equilibrium hypothesized by …