Individuals urbanize when the net benefits to urbanization exceed rural living conditions. Body mass, height, and … urban females, and urban females may not have been affected as much as males by urbanization. …

to shocks, the degree of urbanization and specialization. We take the Great Recession, the economic and financial crisis … period, we find that the degree and nature of regional urbanization and specialization are important drivers of the …

urbanization occurs sooner in places with higher agricultural potential and comparatively lower transport costs, using worldwide … thresholds of urbanization. Controlling for unobserved heterogeneity across countries through fixed effects and using a variety … of spatial econometric techniques, we find a robust association between earlier urbanization and agro …