labour market conditions, the long-term unemployment rate is well above the OECD average. Therefore, the "carrot and stick … reducing long-term unemployment and long-term basic income receipt. An important element is an activation strategy for long …

Individual unemployment spells are frequently interrupted by short casual employment, by participation in active labour … market policy (ALMP) measures or by periods outside the labour force. Such episodes end unemployment spells but afterwards … problem of being without a "real" job in the longer run. To better grasp this problem of repeated unemployment we analyse …