's productivity. We compare outsourcing in domestic with foreign-owned establishments. Our empirical results suggest that high wages …-owned firms have higher levels of outsourcing than domestic establishments. In the productivity analysis we find that an … establishment's outsourcing intensity is positively related to its labour productivity and total factor productivity growth and that …

foreign direct investment (FDI) affects firm productivity, when productivity is endogeneous as a function of training. The … main result of our paper is that, with endogeneous productivity, exporting results in lower productivity than does FDI, but … training, higher wages and higher productivity than does production for the home market. A further interesting and unexpected …