The markets for foreign exchange, energy and residential housing have all been strongly affected by the deregulation and expansion of the financial sector. As a result, they have begun to follow the logic of asset markets. This was especially marked in the case of the foreign exchange market...

Pegging the renminbi (RMB) to the US dollar since 1994 has characterised China’s exchange rate policy, under either a fixed peg or appreciating crawling peg. The current policy, announced in June 2010, of 'floating with reference to a basket' has now in April 2015 made the RMB 19 per cent...

Between 1914 and 1918, the Ottoman Empire was involved in the World War I, leading to disruptions in economic life. The end of the war created the occupation of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies and struggle against the Allies' occupation. The historical literature argued that when Bulgaria asked...