The main purpose of this paper is to estimate and evaluate the social costs of highways in Japan. In general, with more people concerned about protecting the environment at both local and global levels, dependence on vehicular transportation in cities has brought about problems. Too much...

We provide a theoretical framework to discuss the relation between market size and vertical structure in the railway industry. The framework is based on a simple downstream monopoly model with two input suppliers, labor forces and the rail infrastructure firm. The operation of the downstream...

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate how the form and urban policies of ga compact city h affect its economic activities. In general, bigger cities have more advantages such as agglomeration economies, but too-big cities have the disadvantages of external diseconomies such as...