commitments under trade agreements (multilateral and regional agreements) and applied tariffs- what is also known as tariffs … equivalent to a level of tariffs between 1.7 and 8.7 percentage points. …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …

Some scientists and authorities are arguing that tariffs are growing more and more unimportant since eight GATT … of a state that is generated by customs duties. The results are amazing. Tariffs are not important any more for developed …

affected. One possible outcome of Brexit is a situation where WTO tariffs apply to merchandise trade between the UK and the EU … falling by 5% (Finland) to 43% (Bulgaria) taking into account the new tariffs and the elasticity of the trade response to this …

in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …