This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … within Russia, survey the literature on the causes, consequences, and cures of corruption in Russia, and discuss entry points … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty …

institutions, such as that of Russia. However, as the role of non-market factors (such as corruption) in firms' prosperity … in investment between really decentralized and other firms declines as corruption grows. Empirical research presented in …

resultant prosperity. We also emphasize that enforcing regulations is a complex task given corruption, informal markets, and the …

interface of labor market policies and public economics. Moreover, how rent seeking and corruption within the informal segment … the gap. We identify conditions under which economic reform in the formal segment will increase the rate of corruption or … reforms may increase corruption instead of reducing it, as claimed previously. …