Questions on income in surveys are prone to two sources of errors that can cause bias if not addressed adequately at the analysis stage. On the one hand, income is considered sensitive information and response rates on income questions generally tend to be lower than response rates for other...

The offi cial poverty measurements in Russia are based on per capita welfare aggregate. We estimate economies on household size in consumption by different methodologies ranging from methods based on Engel curves to estimations of economies of scale using subjective questions. We demonstrate...

Peru entered the pandemic with a sustained track record of implementing very strong policies amid very strong economic fundamentals and institutional policy frameworks, but was hit hard by the pandemic, which took a heavy toll in terms of human lives and economic output. Tensions between...