the Granger causality test, it is found that the price in one region either causes or affects prices in another region …. The cointegration test suggest that regional markets are integrated. Long-run relationships are also shown to be …

testing approach to cointegration is employed to test the causal relationship between industrial production, exports and terms … of trade. An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is implemented to identify the direction of relationship among …

1968 to 2005. The bounds testing approach to cointegration is conducted to establish the existence of a long …-run relationship between financial development and economic growth. An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is implemented to … identify the direction of causality among the variables both in the short-run and the long-run. The empirical findings suggest …

restrictive business and labor market regulations. The results also show that long-run causality runs in both directions …

and economic growth. We make use of a Johansen-based panel cointegration methodology allowing for cross-country dependence … the direction of potential causality between financial and economic development. Our results conclude to the existence of … a single cointegrating vector between financial development and growth and of causality going from financial development …

between unionization and income inequality for a sample of 20 countries. Using heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques …), and (iii) long-run causality runs in both directions, suggesting that, on average, an increase in unionization reduces …

quarterly data from 1999 to 2019. On the one hand, the causality tests find a unidirectional relation running from the current …