Refrigerant is the working medium of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Currently, synthetic refrigerants are the dominant refrigerants for cooling, but the emissions from synthetic refrigerants into the atmosphere will destroy the ozone layer. The global refrigeration and...

Climate regulations tend to target energy intensive sectors whose products are widely used in industrial production as intermediate inputs, such as electricity, and the carbon abatement may be partially offset by intermediate input-led leakage. This paper aims to examine the impact of...