spillovers of pre-competitive publicly funded Industrial Collective Research (ICR) in Germany. The ICR aims to compensate for … obstacles faced by SME in carrying out research and development (R&D). Using data from 911 firms surveyed in 2006, the results …-participants are engaged in other publicly funded or non-publicly funded collaborative research projects with research institutes …

no more successful than non-university spin-offs; (vii) universities constitute important collaboration partners and … (viii) clusters enhance collaboration, patents and productivity. Key problems for economic policy advice are that the …

no more successful than non-university spin-offs; (vii) universities constitute important collaboration partners and … (viii) clusters enhance collaboration, patents and productivity. Key problems for economic policy advice are that the …

innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and … reduce the demand for internal research by corporations, perhaps reflecting downstream competition from startups that …

materials. However, increasing industry funding of research can restrict the dissemination of results and materials. We show … scientists who receive industry funding are twice as likely to deny requests for research inputs as those who do not. Receiving …, however, 50% more likely to be denied access to research materials by others, but this is not affected by being funded …