Low-income consumers are not only constrained with spending, but also with the type and variety of payment methods available to them. Using a representative sample of the U.S. adult population, this paper analyzes the low possession (adoption) of credit and debit cards among lowincome consumers...

Merchant fees and reward programs generate an implicit monetary transfer to credit card users from non-card (or "cash") users because merchants generally do not set differential prices for card users to recoup the costs of fees and rewards. On average, each cash-using household pays $149 to...

This paper aims to present and analyze the functions performed by the Brazilian federal banks, in a Keynesian perspective, emphasizing its role: i) in promoting economic and regional development, by directing credit to specific sectors and regions, ii) the anti-cyclical action, especially after...