This paper is written by Hongyi Chen (Hong Kong Institute for Monetary and Financial Research) and Pierre Siklos (Wilfrid Laurier University and Balsillie school of International Affairs).Digitalization, spurred by the pandemic, has accelerated plans by many central banks to introduce retail...

The current discussion about stability of the European money demand function is flawed by a confusion of two different concepts of stability (adjustment speed versus error variance). The meaning and importance of the underlying notions of stability is clarified. It is demonstrated that necessary...

The monetary authorities of emerging market economies tend to emphasize the studies that find instabilities in the money demand functions and use them as the main pretext for formulating monetary policy strategies in which monetary aggregates play no prominent role. In this study, however, we...

A money demand function for M2 is estimated for Italy for the period 1972-1998 within an error correction framework. This period has been characterized by major structural changes in the Italian financial system and by major changes in monetary policy. This study takes these changes into...

Models of money demand, in the Baumol (1952)-Tobin (1956) tradition, describe optimal cash management policy in terms of when and how much cash to withdraw, an (s, S) policy. However, today, a vast array of instruments can be used to make payments, opening additional ways to control cash...

As a result of technological advancements, instant delivery of digital services has become the norm in today's society. Yet, until recently, this trend did not extend to retail payment services, which normally took one or up to a few working days from the end user's perspective. Following...

The coexistence of cash and digital currencies constitutes a system of parallel currencies. This paper tackles the question whether a new (digital) currency is essential: Does a new currency allow for a better resource allocation even if a fully accepted currency is in circulation and still...