We propose a nonparametric Bayesian approach for the estimation of the pricing kernel. Historical stock returns and option market data are combined through the Dirichlet Process (DP) to construct an option-adjusted physical measure. The precision parameter of the DP process is calibrated to the...

This study provides an in-depth analysis of how to estimate risk-neutral moments robustly. A simulation and an empirical study show that estimating risk- neutral moments presents a trade-off between (1) the bias of estimates caused by a limited strike price domain and (2) the variance of...

We measure investors' short- and long-term stock-return expectations using both options and survey data. These expectations at different horizons reveal what investors think their own short-term expectations will be in the future, or forward return expectations. While contemporaneous short-term...

We investigate the market-compatible degree of agent heterogeneity by identifying and analyzing the full range of conditional beliefs consistent with observed asset prices and good-deal bounds. Our methodology neither makes assumptions on underlying processes nor does it use survey data. It can...

We show how distributions can be reduced to low-dimensional scenario trees. Applied to intertemporal distributions, the scenarios and their probabilities become time-varying factors. From S&P 500 options, two or three time-varying scenarios suffice to forecast returns, implied variance or...

Using option market data we derive naturally forward-looking, nonparametric and model-free risk estimates, three desired characteristics hardly obtainable using historical returns. The option-implied measures are only based on the first derivative of the option price with respect to the strike...

We propose a new predictor of real economic activity (REA), namely the representative investor's implied relative risk aversion (IRRA) extracted from S&P 500 option prices. IRRA exploits the forward-looking information in option prices. It increases as risk averse investors enter the market,...

In this paper I pose an old fashioned question, "Why do capitalist economies evolve in the way that they do?" The answer will lie, on the one hand, in the nature of human curiosity and the corresponding growth of knowledge and, on the other hand, in the particular instituted rules of the game...

Kursgewinne oder -verluste bei Wertpapieren werden in den allermeisten Steuersystemen erst dann besteuert, wenn sie realisiert werden, d.h. wenn es zu einer Veräußerung des Wertpapieres kommt. Aus steuerlichen Gesichtspunkten sollten Gewinne dann möglichst spät und Verluste möglichst früh...

The illiquidity of long-maturity options has made it difficult to study the term structures of option spanning portfolios. This paper proposes a new estimation and inference framework for these option-implied term structures that addresses long-maturity illiquidity. By building a sieve estimator...