2020. We find that male-female gaps in the employment-to-population ratio and hours worked for women with school …

choices led mothers to take, on average, 1-2 months less of leave. This decrease in leave duration, however, was not … accompanied by an employment increase of similar magnitude. To understand the absence of labor supply effects, we examine data on … few mothers indicate that they would start working if better access to formal childcare were available. Switching to the …

two or more kids. Heterogeneity analysis suggests no causal effects of fertility on female employment among mothers with … low female employment regime. Family size is instrumented using twinning and gender composition of the first two children …. Among families with at least one child we identify the average causal effect of an additional child on mother's employment …

mothers, the point estimates suggest large and statistically significant effects on employment and hours of work, and in … for fathers in two parent families, and only some limited and modest effects on mothers in two parent families. For single …