This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine … Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual …) spend on average 20% more time on commuting than the wealthiest decile; 19% of the former make home-towork trips longer than …

urban planning. Commonly, the delineation of functional regions is based on commuting flows from the municipalities in the … municipality is the largest one, and if this share exceeds a certain threshold value. However, commuting flows in the opposite … direction are not considered. The method presented here delineates city regions on the base of bidirectional commuting flows …

The paper proposes an econometric approach for quantifying jointly the geographical scope of commuting as well as the … using land prices to measure their aggregate effects, the approach estimates the geographical reach of commuting and urban … areas may be larger than suggested by MSA classifications based on commuting only. Metropolitan subcenters are found to …