This report analyzes the role of the largest companies in the Finnish economy. According to the results, the ten largest companies in terms of their value added together produce 7,6 % of the Finnish GDP. In addition, these companies generate notable multiplicative effects in the economy....

In this study, we analyse Estonia’s position in global value chains using World Input-Output Data and firm-level data. We find that 69% of Estonia’s total exports are intermediate goods and services, exceeding the EU average (65%). Two-thirds of Estonian imports are intermediates. Our...

This paper looks at fiscal sustainability and fiscal risks from a comprehensive, global perspective. It argues that the benefits of consolidation have to be re-assessed given that industrialised countries have entered uncharted waters with unsustainable public debt dynamics and enormous...

The financial crisis and recession have left a legacy of unusually large fiscal deficits and growing sovereign debt levels in most advanced economies. The paper uses recent research from the IMF to throw light on two questions: how much fiscal space is available to advanced countries before they...

This volume includes five self-contained chapters in the fields of public debt and fiscal transfer schemes. After an introduction to the topic, chapter 2 shows that the institutional setting of fiscal policy making needs to be considered when assessing the sustainability of fiscal policy. Using...

During the pandemic, African banks rebalanced their portfolio towards sovereign assets, and crowding out of credit to private sector intensified. Policy support, however, averted a credit crunch. The increase in public debt across Africa due to the COVID-19 crisis intensified crowding out of...

The dissertation elaborates on topics that are related to (i) intergenerational transfers of wealth and to (ii) how government ideology and elections influence outcomes (income inequality and budget consolidation) and political processes (fiscal planning and policy advice). The dissertation...

Rund sechs von zehn Selbstständigen erzielen nach Einkommensteuerdaten Gewinneinkünfte von weniger als 10.000 € im Jahr. Eine Vielzahl dieser Personen kann jedoch auf zusätzliche eigene Einkünfte zurückgreifen oder es wird durch einen Partner bzw. eine Partnerin weiteres Einkommen...

Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob die unterschiedlich hohen Landesbasisfallwerte für Kliniken in Deutschland durch systematische Kostenunterschiede zwischen den Bundesländern zu erklären sind. Die statistische Analyse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass einzig krankenhausspezifische und...

Die Frage der Zulassung von Parallelimporten von patentierten Gütern wird in der Schweiz kontrovers diskutiert. Medikamente stellen dabei einen Spezialfall der Güter mit Patentschutz dar, da die Preise für Medikamente in allen westlichen Ländern durch staatliche Behörden direkt oder...