The paper discusses potential effects of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) on liquidity and monetary policy. CBDC could benefit the payment system but could also pose macroeconomic/financial challenges if demand for CBDC becomes high. High CBDC demand can affect banks' balance sheets,...

In this report we outline how a formulating normative measure of macroprudential policy stance requires a framework containing objectives, tools and transmission mechanisms. To complement the currently prevailing narrative approach, we apply lessons from the monetary policy to macroprudential...

The study discusses the distribution of roles between monetary and fiscal policy in stabilising the price level. It questions the view that price level stabilisation should be the sole responsibility of central banks. It argues that there is a case for national governments also being responsible...