Military interventions and economic sanctions are increasingly seen as strategic substitutes for achieving national and … global security objectives, both impose economic costs. We quantify the lower bound of the costs of sanctions using a gravity … model of international trade and a general equilibrium simulation model. We find that sanctions amount to a loss in GDP of …

the wake of sanctions and counter-sanctions, and that Russia has since lost importance as a trading partner. In an …

Russia's brutal military aggression on Ukraine has led to extensive economic sanctions by Western countries and the …

The EU, US and several other countries have responded with a wide range of new economic sanctions on Russia in response … to the military attack on Ukraine. These sanctions include various restrictive measures on trade with Russia. In this … brief, we examine the potential short-term effects of trade sanctions on Russian production with an input-output framework …

sanctions in 2014 and identify the degree and shape of vulnerability of German trade with respect to these two markets on the …

output remained robust for some export-oriented industries. The first months of war show sanctions took an increasing toll on …

sanctions and export restrictions on Russia in response to the war in Ukraine, while responses from East Asian economies have … Asia have not imposed sanctions on Russia and thus could potentially provide substitutes for Russia for some technology … imports restricted by sanctions. There is little evidence so far, however, of any such shift occurring. …

sanctions against Russia; and incremental nuclear coercion against Kyiv that spurred Western deterrence messaging in response …