use on cash lodgements at Bundesbank branches. The significance of illegal motives as drivers of the demand for small … the circulation of large-denomination banknotes are not suitable for analysing the demand for cash in the shadow economy … very difficult to provide hard research-based evidence about the scale of the cash demand resulting from the shadow economy …

their own research on cash usage. This paper is the first study to measure the transaction demand for cash in the euro area … cash by households. This paper presents an estimation of the number and value of cash transactions in all 19 euro area … that can contribute to improving the efficiency of the cash cycle and the payment system as a whole. Previous estimates of …

network size from the declining cash use in Finland. The Finnish regulation has almost exclusively focused on foreign fees …