In October 2017, the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) set up a group whose objective was to examine cyber security vulnerabilities within the financial sector, and their potential impact on financial stability and the real economy. In its first year, the European Systemic Cyber Group (ESCG)...

Deliverable 4.2 (“Horizontal and Vertical Analysis of Privacy and Cyber-Security Markets”) provides an in-depth discussion of economic incentives, stakeholder engagement and market opportunities in privacy and cyber-security. This report first introduces the reader to the horizontal market...

Die Sicherheit eines Landes gilt als einer der wichtigsten Standortfaktoren, die über Wirtschaftswachstum und letztlich den Wohlstand einer Gesellschaft entscheiden. Mangelt es an Sicherheit, dann werden langlaufende Investitionen möglicherweise unrentabel und unterlassen....

The distributive trades sector, which is primarily accounted for by wholesale and retail trade, is not only economically important in its own right, but also relevant to monetary policy. Ultimately, it is retailers who set the actual prices of most consumer goods. They are the main interface...

Die Nutzung von Clouddiensten bietet Unternehmen mehrere Vorteile, wie den dezentralen Datenzugriff oder die flexible Anpassung von Rechenleistung an den Bedarf. Folgerichtig hat die Cloudnutzung in Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahren stark zugenommen. Der Markt für Clouddienste in...

The EU's Product Liability Directive (PLD) determines the rules for strict product liability in the EU. It establishes a framework in which manufacturers' liability is determined solely based on the presence of defects in the product, regardless of the manufacturer's fault. The PLD is intended...

This Policy Brief introduces the Gini Trade Index (GTI) as a new trade synthetic key performance indicator capable of capturing the different distribution of trade values across firm characteristics and across countries. The new indicator replicates the well-known features of the traditional...

This Policy Brief proposes the establishment of an agreement on conformity assessment between the EU and the US that covers machinery and electrical equipment. The initiative aims to increase the number of European and US conformity assessment bodies authorized to test and certify EU and US...

The Brussels Effect, once emblematic of the EU's alleged influence in shaping global regulations, has now become a factor contributing to global regulatory fragmentation. The EU must recalibrate its trajectory towards a liberal and rules-based trading order, prioritizing widespread regulatory...