Measures (SCM), affect the choice and the level of tariffs and subsidies -- two of the most important and frequently observed … country joins the WTO, there will be an increase in its tariffs in those sectors that face a threat of retaliation against … retaliation to subsidization, will experience a switch towards tariffs as an alternative instrument of income redistribution …

tariffs on the range of goods countries export to the United States. The empirical analysis shows that tariffs tend to have a … 1996-2006 is explained by tariff reductions. This suggests the extensive margin has not amplified the impact of tariffs on … fragmentation, the results show that closer countries and countries with lower tariffs imposed on them export a wider range of goods …