Although the leaf-thin bracteates are the most fragile coins in monetary history, they were the main coin type for … monetary taxation policy. Medieval coins were frequently withdrawn by the coin issuer and re-minted, where people had to pay an …

In medieval Europe, old coins were frequently declared invalid and exchanged for new ones at fixed rates and dates … what one would expect from the theory of short-lived coins. Economic backwardness, limited monetization of society and …-coinage more difficult. and bracteates were replaced by long-lived two-faced coins in 1290. With an end to re-coinage, the Swedish …

model with two indivisible coins with different intrinsic values. The model shows that small change shortages can exist in … interpreted as optimal responses to changes in fundamentals. Further, the model shows that replacing full-bodied small coins with …