individual tax records for Estonia. Income underreporting is inferred from consumption propensities, following and extending the …

along with expenditure information, and that the geographical location of households is fairly precise. We take advantage of …

In this paper we predict the pure demographic effect on medical expenditure of the German Statutory Health Insurance … Scheme. To isolate this effect, we assume that the age-specific expenditure for medical treatment as observed in 1991 remains … population increases the (average) per-capita medical expenditure by 18,6 percent. This increase and the decline of labour force …