Ambitious unilateral EU environmental policy has raised concerns about adverse competitiveness implications for … measures to address these concerns in the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS): border tax adjustments (BTA) and the Clean … policy on energy-intensive and export-oriented industries. The regulatory protection of these industries via subsidies for EU …

substitutes within the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for CO2. Firms therefore had a strong incentive to use the cheaper …-related transaction costs, this study examines the use of international offset credits in the EU ETS. It establishes a model of firm … participation in the EU ETS in general, rather than additional participation in the offset trade. …

Given that the carbon price in the EU Emissions Trading System is only around 5€/tCO2 while consensus about a more … stringent EU climate policy is very unlikely in the near future, we explore the potential scope and optimal design of additional … national climate policies in the current EU policy framework. In particular, we suggest to implement a type of carbon price …