economies of scale are understated (as is the case when using the 'square root of household size'), the relative poverty …

addressing this challenge and providing methods for ethical poverty, welfare, and inequality comparisons with univariate ordered …

This paper introduces a theory-based equivalence scale for public in-kind transfers, which justifies comparison of …, education and childcare expenditure on estimates of income inequality and poverty for 24 European countries. The empirical … results show significant effects of public in-kind transfers on the level of income inequality and poverty for all countries …

Most equivalence scales which are applied in research on poverty and inequality do not depend on income, although there … differing assessments of poverty and inequality under quite general conditions. German microdata will be used to demonstrate and …