theories of competition. Yet, despite its intuitive appeal, thehypothesis that companies with superior productivity also … hypothesis leadsto measurement errors and may impair the identification of competition for the market.In this paper, we use data … the conventional view that focuses on individual productivities, our value-chainperspective on the productivity …

pass-through the cost shock fully on their export prices. Their production, exports and employment fall. A consequence of … only firms able to adapt their production process to energy cost shocks have survived. Importantly, when faced with large …