Recent immigration policies have created massive uncertainty for international students to obtain F-1 visas. Yet … examine how the anticipated F-1 visa restrictiveness influences US undergraduate enrollment outcomes of international students … international student enrollment in the US. The decreases are larger among international students with higher measured academic …

completion and earnings. These patterns imply that, on average, students benefit from "overmatch" of the sort generated by … move lower ability students to higher quality colleges. …

We investigate whether tests taken during a high stakes grade by German primary and secondary students produce higher …