Total quality management is often presented as a new and coherent philosophy of organization and management which looks holistically at organizations. Yet there would appear to be gaping holes between the ecessary and sufficient conditions for TQM which rhetoric serves only to obscure....

Among the many fashionable management terms, empowerment refers to a change strategy with the objective of improving both the individual’s and the organization’s ability to act. Reviews the various themes of empowerment with particular reference to articles published between 1994‐1996 in...