Trehan, Jyoti - In: Journal of Financial Crime 10 (2003) 1, pp. 76-84
Introduces the two types of underground banking systems used in Indian and Chinese communities in many parts of the … world: hundi or hawala, and chop shop or chitti banking. Explains the terms: hawala means money transfer, chops are seals … banking. Discusses the reasons for the prevalence of these systems: Indian and Chinese settlement abroad, and the strong …