The concept of the ENPs joint ownership is a basic approach of this policy. It is found in all strategic EU documents but is insufficiently researched so far. This paper aims at analyzing the concept against the EUs potential to act as a transformative power in its Eastern neighbourhood and...

We analyse trade between countries of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance in Eastern Europe between 1950 and 1990. Despite central planning and political motivation of the CMEA, we show that trade could be explained by standard demand factors surprisingly well. Moreover, we document that...