Antitrust enforcement makes it difficult to test theories of cartel formation because most attempts to form cartels are blocked. However, federal laws allow U.S. produce growers to operate marketing cartels through devices called marketing orders. These cartels use quantity controls and quality...

Agricultural cooperatives represent nearly 75% of all farmers in France. They have become major actors in the development of rural spaces. Over the past 30 years, French cooperatives have steadily modified their organizational structures in response to changes in the economic environment,...