tobacco sales and smoking prevalence in the country. Decline in consumption could have an effect on tobacco-related mortality …The country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Kazakhstan. Tobacco taxation policy … practiced in Kazakhstan in 2003-2013 resulted in increased tobacco excise revenues, but was not effective in terms of public …

tobacco products and is also responsible for controlling tobacco consumption.The prevalence of smoking is high, especially …This country brief presents an overview of current tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation policy in Vietnam … assessments on different aspects of tobacco taxation in the country to be shared with government teams and other national and …

industrialized nations. The first scientific evidence on the health consequences of tobacco consumption-specifically, smoking … intervene in the market for tobacco products stem from the destructive nature of tobacco consumption. Smoking is the single …The tobacco epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon with significantly destructive effects on developing, transitional, and …

The purpose of this tool is to help the reader understand the structure, design, and administration of tobacco taxes …. There is no doubt about the adverse health impacts of tobacco use. In both developed and developing countries, the … Ministries of health, tobacco interest groups, academia, and advocates against tobacco strongly believe that tobacco consumption …

The intended purpose of this tool is to let readers gain the necessary knowledge about tobacco smuggling. With this …, and impact on other policy goals. For example, if enhanced tax revenue is one goal of a tobacco taxation policy, smuggling … can be an important consideration, since smuggled tobacco avoids taxation. Likewise, tobacco smuggling can have an impact …

Currently there are approximately 4 million tobacco related deaths annually. If present trends continue, by the year …, government action to establish various tobacco control initiatives can prevent this from happening and save a significant number … of lives. Tobacco control measures include: i) raising tobacco prices by imposing higher excise taxes; ii) advertising …

The tobacco aphid, Myzus persicae nicotianae is aneconomically important pest of tobacco. Damage is throughdirect … as the bushy-top virus, the alfalfa mosaicvirus and the potato virus-Y. Before 2002, the main colourform of the tobacco … aphid in Zimbabwe was green. However,during the 2003/2004 tobacco season, concerns were raisedwhere red forms of the tobacco …