This 2005 Article IV Consultation highlights that Argentina’s economy has rebounded strongly from the financial crisis in late 2001. Reflecting buoyant domestic demand, real GDP grew close to 9 percent in both 2003 and 2004, bringing real output level back to the peak level achieved prior...

This paper reviews Moldova’s Financial System Stability Assessment, including Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes on Monetary and Financial Policy Transparency, and Banking Supervision. Compliance with the Basel Core Principles and the IMF Code of Good Practices on...

Our proposal draws on the premise that the availability of stable demand deposits for bank lending, in the process of which inside money is created, does not require any act of intentional saving. The mechanism allowing banks to lend deposits does not function well in low-income countries, owing...

This paper introduces a new database of financial reforms, covering 91 economies over 1973–2005. It describes the content of the database, the information sources utilized, and the coding rules used to create an index of financial reform. It also compares the database with other measures of...

Alternative models of transition are associated with alternative institutional development processes. Alternative models of transition are based on different methods of economic analysis, political structures, views of 'what is a good society?' and the speed of implementing the transition...

The Washington consensus was identified as a neoliberal manifesto and received a vast amount of criticism. In response, lately, John Williamson has offered a new set of policies in the 'After the Washington Consensus'. The aim of this paper is to determine whether there has been any substantial...

This paper focuses on the immediate economic and systemic reasons of steadily increasing local government indebtedness and investment overheating in China. These two phenomena emerged between 2008 and 2011 as a direct consequence of an external shock caused by the global crisis and the...

This paper aims to review the various forms of state intervention in urban planning, and its purpose is to reconsider guidelines for solving problems in cities, caused by climate change. After World War II, urban planning was guided by centralized state management, in the scope of progress and...

Based on reports prepared for or by the ILO, World Bank, USAID and Ohio State University, examines the problems facing microfinance programmes in countries emerging from armed conflict with particular reference to Cambodia, El Salvador, Mozambique and Uganda.