This paper examines the different images of the ‘consumer(s)’ drawn in EU Competition Law and seeks to identify exactly who those consumers are. The competition provisions in the TFEU make several express references to consumers without defining the term. Further, a number of allusions to...

Considers the role that competition law can play in the improvement of consumer welfare. Questions how important consumers are to competition law and the provisions for claiming compensation at national and European level. Analyses how competition law is applied and how this can be done with a...

The protection of consumer welfare or broadly speaking protection of the interests of consumers is a central aspect of all modern competition laws as well as a direct aim of consumer protection laws. Competition law and consumer protection policies are complementary and mutually reinforcing....

Competition law, particularly in the European Union, has turned away from structural remedies and toward “consumer-facing” firm conduct remedies, a seemingly light-touch approach. These remedies aim to empower and stimulate consumers to drive competition through shopping based on accurate...

The case in question represents just one of several legal actions that ZTS Gamrat and its distributors undertook against the decision of the Polish national competition agency, the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (hereafter, UOKiK President, after the Polish...

Enforcement of competition law affects consumers' economic interests, as part of the public interests EU competition law protects. Therefore, consumers ought to be involved in the respective enforcement procedures. Against this normative background, we analyse consumers' access to the public...