This textbook surveys the spectacular transformation that the French economy has undergone over the past century. It … offers a general introduction to the long-term as well as more recent transformations of the French economy and surveys the …

area. The paper looks primarily at Italy, using the examples of Germany and Japan to search for parallels and contrasts … Germany and Japan followed a much more orthodox stance than Italy), in institutional set-ups (with Italy much less efficient … than Germany and Japan), in labour market relations (with much greater conflict in Italy than in the other two countries …