. Domestic innovation is measured as citation-weighted domestic patents filed at the European Patent Office (EPO): to account for … to patent at the EPO. Results show that, in the short-run, IPR stimulate innovation. The effect for developing countries …

innovative medicines in those markets? (2) For launched new and innovative medicines, how much do patent owners or generic … finds that introduction of product patent for pharmaceuticals in the patent law has a positive effect on launch likelihood … pharmaceuticals are launched sooner than non-innovative ones, irrespective of the patent regime in the local market. Using a panel …

to provide latitude to the Member States to tailor their national patent laws to fit their individual needs. In 2001, the … the lead role in enacting the TRIPS Agreement's substantive and procedural patent flexibilities by introducing unique … compulsory licensing, the most notable exception to patent rights provided under the TRIPS Agreement. This empirical study is …

strengthening the use of preventive and remedial TRIPS flexibilities and removing criminal sanctions for patent infringements …. Cambodia should reject any TRIPS-plus provisions in its patent legislation and avoid membership in bilateral or plurilateral … trade agreements that include TRIPS-plus provisions as well as signing patent treaties and memorandums of understanding that …