Arnold, Ivo - In: Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital 53 (2020) 2, pp. 245-271
This paper examines the strategic response of the Dutch bank ING to the global financial crisis. Prior to the crisis, ING was a prominent global exponent of direct banking, using the so-called pure play internet (PPI) business model. PPI banking is a hybrid business model that combines features...