This paper seeks to identify obstacles to competitive markets in formally liberalized service and network industries of fifteen European Union Member States. It is argued that loopholes in EU competition and state aid rules allow national governments to further subsidize previously monopolistic...

The airline industry usually calls for further liberalisation of traffic rights, operational rights and airline ownership and control. This paper concentrates on the 7th and 9th freedoms of the air. Due to the lack of legal safeguards, liberalisation in this respect may lead to ‘offshore'...