We analyze data on NYPD's "stop and frisk program" in an effort to identify racial bias on the part of the police … latter are being stopped despite being a "less productive stop" for a police officer …

rely on police to make snap judgments. This suggests there may be more aggressive policing of blacks in these situations …. Case dismissal rates are also elevated for both whites and blacks when blacks are underrepresented on local police forces …

-ordered racial hiring quotas imposed on municipal police departments. My best estimate of the effect of court-ordered affirmative …. Evidence on police performance is mixed. Despite substantial black-white test score differences on police department entrance …

Using a unique new data set on police-involved homicides, we apply several discrimination tests to determine if white … police officers discriminate against black suspects. We find that the probability of an unarmed black suspect being killed by … a white police officer is not significantly greater than the probability of a black suspect being killed by a black …

This paper identifies the individual components of social harm associated with a hypothetical racially motivated police … encounter. An individual who believes they are being targeted by police because they are a member of a racial minority may … racially targeted for a police encounter also causes harm to other members of the minority group even if they are not directly …

Police violence is not uncommon in America, and the risk of civilians’ being killed by police is considerably higher …. In this study, we analyze the political determinants of police killings of Black Americans, with a specific focus on … corruption in American states. Our evidence suggests that police can kill Black Americans with impunity because of a lack of …

focused on exploring the seemingly inexplicable power of police unions to shield problem officers from accountability as a … matter of routine. This paper aims to explain that police union power did not surreptitiously arrive on the doorsteps of …Police unions have garnered the attention of the media and some scholars in recent years. That attention has often …