The European Court of Justice Laval quartet of cases held that worker collective actions that impacted freedom of services and establishment in the EU violated EU law. After Laval, The Swedish Labour Court imposed “exemplary,” or punitive damages, on labour unions for violating EU law. This...

This paper analyzes the relationship between unionization and sickness absence in Norway using register data covering the entire population employed in the private sector 2003-2007. A few previous studies have shown much higher sickness absence among unionized than non-unionized employees in...