This paper describes the transformation of the American pharmaceutical industry into its modern configuration in the 1950s. The industry was faced with new regulatory and technological conditions which changed both the way drugs were marketed and what drugs were marketed. The new conditions led...

This paper, written primarily for historians, attempts to explain why political leaders and central bankers continued to adhere to the gold standard as the Great Depression intensified. We do not focus on the effects of the gold standard on the Depression, which we and others have documented...

This paper replicates a classic study of the American business elite. The older study done a half-century ago, reported the composition of business leaders a century ago. I have" drawn a sample of business leaders today to discover how much the composition of the" American business elite has...